一种新的劳动定额表现形式——拟合时间定额曲线

研究目的：在劳动定额表现形式上寻找一种符合社会发展的并且符合劳动定额专业特点的表现形式。 研究方法：根据劳动定额专业特点，对劳动定额标准建立数学模型，并对数学模型结果进行精度检验。 研究结果：劳动定额标准均可用数学公式来代替，将这些公式存入计算机，查找劳动定额标准时，只需将影响工时消耗的因素值输入计算机，即可显示出时间定额和产量定额，再输入工程数量，即可输出定额工天等。 研究结论：劳动定额表现形式目前主要受两方面的制约：（1）企业生产工具的先进程度（主要表现在机械化和自动化方面）；（2）计算机在企业管理中的普及程度。受这两方面的影响，今后一段时间内，我国各行业的劳动定额表现形式基本上呈现3大类：（1）以完全的数学公式表现；（2）表格形式与数学公式并存；（3）仍以表格形式为主。     

铁路运输营销的预算管理

运输营销预算管理是以运输企业的经营目标为中心,将运输组织活动纳入预算管理,统筹安排企业的运输营销预算计划,从而实现运输效益的最大化。成都铁路局通过确定市场需求,以跟踪分析和适时调控为手段,科学安排和实施年度运输营销预算方案。运输营销预算管理的实施,整合了生产力资源,提高了企业经营管理水平,超额完成了运输利润目标,并保证了运输生产安全。     

采用初步设计文件施工招投标的工程概算清理有关问题的思考

采用初步设计文件进行施工招投标的铁路建设项目,目前大部分正处于概算清理阶段。概算清理是针对采用初步设计文件进行施工招投标特别增加的一项投资管理措施,他涉及到施工图投资检算、变更设计、征地拆迁及价差调整、其他政策性费用调整等,政策性强、工作量大。此文针对施工总价承包招标文件范本的有关条款,就概算清理原则、施工图投资检算的编制、价差调整等进行论述与分析,并提出建议与计算方法,为实际工程概算清理提供借鉴。     

关于“走出去”铁路建设项目概预算编制的几点心得

结合我国铁路＂走出去＂项目概预算编制工作,阐述编制我国周边国家铁路建设项目概预算时应注意坚持的几点原则。＂走出去＂项目概预算编制应注意的问题为,先将其视为国内项目编制概预算,再进行国外人工费调整,以及材料费（直发料、厂发料、当地料、燃油料）、运价、取费调查,在掌握基础资料的基础上,通过对工料机资料的综合分析,合理确定综合单价、取费标准等,使编制的投资概算全面、科学、合理,真实反映项目的造价水平。     

Subjective-utility travel time budget modeling in the stochastic traffic network assignment

ABSTRACT

In this article, we propose a new model called subjective-utility travel time budget (SU-TTB) model to capture travelers' risk-averse route choices. In the travel time budget (TTB) and mean-excess travel time (METT) model, a predefined confidence level is needed to capture the risk-aversion in route choice. Due to the day-to-day route travel time variations, the exact confidence level is hard to be predicted. With the SU-TTB model, we assume travelers' confidence level belongs to an interval that they may comply with in the route choice. The two main components of SU-TTB are the utility function and the TTB model. We can show that the SU-TTB can be reduced to the TTB and METT model with proper utility function for the confidence levels. We can also prove its equivalence with our recently proposed nonlinear-expectation route travel time (NERTT) model in some cases and give some new interpretation on the NERTT with this equivalence. Finally, we formulate the SU-TTB model as a variational inequality (VI) problem to model the risk-averse user equilibrium (RAUE), termed as generalized RAUE (GRAUE). The GRAUE is solved via a heuristic gradient projection algorithm, and the model and solution algorithm are demonstrated with the Braess's traffic network and the Nguyen and Dupuis's traffic network.     

勘察设计企业全面预算管理探讨

全面预算是企业提升管理水平的重要工具,建立与完善科学的全面预算管理体系,是企业经营目标得以实现的重要环节。基于上述认识,作者以某勘察设计企业(以下简称某企业)为例,通过对其全面预算管理现状分析,结合国内外先进的预算管理理论和思想,通过健全全面预算管理组织机构,完善制度建设,确立科学合理的预算目标,引进信息化管理手段,完善全面预算管理监督控制与考核机制等,对其全面预算管理工作进行了全面优化。     

公路工程概预算编制中工程量计算应注意的问题

作为设计概算,施工图预算编制人员,概预算的合理性、可靠性及准确性对投资决策、费用控制、招投标工作将产生重要影响,而根据施工图计算工程量的准确程度又直接影响概预算编制质量。工作实践中,遵循必要程序,严格计算重点是必要而有效手段,可准确计算工程量,进而确保概预算编制精度。即科学进行工程量计算,做到不重不漏是提高概预算编制质量的保障。     

浅论全面预算管理在勘察设计单位中的有效应用

全面预算管理在国内外企业中得到了广泛应用。勘察设计单位改制后,也纷纷引入全面预算管理。该文探讨全面预算管理在勘察设计单位中的应用过程,并提出在实施过程容易出现的问题及解决对措。     

Silicon dynamics in the Oder estuary, Baltic Sea

Studies on dissolved silicate (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) dynamics were carried out in the Oder estuary, Baltic Sea in 2000–2005. The Oder estuary proved to be an important component of the Oder River–Baltic Sea continuum where very intensive seasonal DSi uptake during spring and autumn, but also BSi regeneration during summer take place. Owing to the regeneration process annual DSi patterns in the river and the estuary distinctly differed; the annual patterns of DSi in the estuary showed two maxima and two minima in contrast to one maximum- and one minimum-pattern in the Oder River. DSi concentrations in the river and in the estuary were highest in winter (200–250 μmol dm^− 3) and lowest (often less than 1 μmol dm^− 3) in spring, concomitant with diatom growth; such low values are known to be limiting for new diatom growth. Secondary DSi summer peaks at the estuary exit exceeded 100 μmol dm^− 3, and these maxima were followed by autumn minima coinciding with the autumn diatom bloom. Seasonal peaks in BSi concentrations (ca. 100 μmol dm^− 3) occurred during the spring diatom bloom in the Oder River. Mass balance calculations of DSi and BSi showed that DSi + BSi import to the estuary over a two year period was 103.2 kt and that can be compared with the DSi export of 98.5 kt. The difference between these numbers gives room for ca. 2.5 kt BSi to be annually exported to the Baltic Sea. Sediment cores studies point to BSi annual accumulation on the level of 2.5 kt BSi. BSi import to the estuary is on the level of ca. 10.5 kt, thus ca. 5 kt of BSi is annually converted into the DSi, increasing the pool of DSi that leaves the system. BSi concentrations being ca. 2 times higher at the estuary entrance than at its exit remain in a good agreement with the DSi and BSi budgeting presented in the paper.     

铁路建设项目甲供材料费用管理分析与建议

研究目的:铁路建筑材料按采购权限和责任主体的不同分为甲供材料、甲控材料和自购材料三类。文章首先介绍了甲供材料管理的目的、风险分担原则和正常的结算方式,结合当前铁路建设项目甲供材料费用结算实际,重点指出了存在的两类问题,并详细剖析了问题产生的根源及其对项目管理的不利影响,最后依据有关规章制度和合同原则提出合理化建议。研究结论:(1)新编制概算的项目,应采用市场价作为概算材料价;采用价差系数调整材料基价方法编制概算且已批复的项目,在概算清理时根据概算材料费用重新计算甲供材料清单价格,并依据该价格对已结算的甲供材料费用进行调整;(2)根据实际工程量变化和合同约定,对甲供材料清单数量动态调整,作为控制实际供应量的限额;施工单位通过优化配比和降低损耗节约的材料不应视为"甲供材料量差",不应从合同内扣除。